Abstract
Environmental engineering has become more and more important to civil engineering in recent years in solving problems like water and wastewater management, air and soil contamination, global climate change, and waste and sustainable infrastructure. With the expansion of environmental engineering into wider subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology, data science, and environmental policy, higher education institutions are forced to accommodate this expanded knowledge base into their programme, credits, and financial framework, which has, for the most part, not changed much (ABET, 2026; Thürer et al., 2018).
The current review of state-of-the-art discusses the main issues concerning the delivery of environmental engineering education in higher education institutions. Such issues include rigidity of curriculum, difficulty to incorporate new topics without undermining the foundation, interdisciplinarity of the field, laboratory, field, and software resources, mismatch between academia and industry needs, dynamic regulatory and technological environment that makes it difficult to keep teaching up-to-date, and lack of specialist expertise of faculty members in higher educational institutes (ABET, 2026; Winberg et al., 2020; Vuoriainen et al., 2025).
Moreover, the review looks at the range of potential opportunities that institutions have to address these pressures, such as digital and blended learning, industry partnership and work-based learning, sustainability and circular economy-based curriculum reform, collaboration across academic departments, and inter-institutional and international collaboration. Virtual laboratories have been shown to offer greater access to hands-on learning, and collaborations with industries can help students make the transition from academia to profession (Potkonjak et al., 2016; Vuoriainen et al., 2025).
It has been found that, although these challenges mostly come from the structure of the institutions rather than lack of participation on the part of educators and students, institutions that engage in flexible, industry-related and sustainability-based curriculum reform, backed by proper investment within institutions, would be more successful in preparing their graduates for modern environmental engineering work. However, sustainability incorporation needs investments and coordinated actions within the institution rather than adding isolated sustainable elements (Thürer et al., 2018; Gutierrez-Bucheli, Kidman and Reid, 2022).
प्रस्तुत शोध में भारत में ग्रामीण में शहरी क्षेत्र पर खाद्य सुरक्षा के बारे में अध्ययन किया गया है। भारत में खाद्य सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है। जो देश की आर्थिक सामाजिक और राजनीतिक स्थिति से जुड़ा हुआ है।खाद्य सुरक्षा का अर्थ है सभी नागरिकों को भरपूर मात्रा में पोषक तत्वों से भरपूर सुरक्षित और सस्ती खाद्य सामग्री समय पर उपलब्ध हो सके। खाद्य सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सरकार के द्वारा विभिन्न योजनाएं व कार्यक्रम लागू किए गए हैं,जिनका उद्देश्य देश के ग्रामीण व शहर स्तर पर खाध सामग्री की पहुंच सुनिश्चित करना है।
प्रस्तुत शोध में खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम के बारे में बताया गया है। इस अधिनियम के माध्यम से गरीब और कमजोर लोगों को खाद्य सामग्री सस्ते मूल्य पर उपलब्ध होती है। इसके तहत राशन कार्ड धारकों को सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली के माध्यम से गेहूं और मोटे अनाज जैसे खाद्यान्न प्रदान किए जाते हैं।
प्रस्तुत शोध में ग्रामीण स्तर पर खाद्य सुरक्षा के बारे में भी अध्ययन किया गया है, जिसमें सरकार के द्वारा विभिन्न योजनाएं लागू की गई है,जिसका मुख्य उद्देश्य कुपोषण भुखमरी और खाद्यान्न की कमी जैसी समस्याओं को दूर करना है। प्रस्तुत शोध के माध्यम से यह बताया गया है कि केवल खाधान की आपूर्ति ही पर्याप्त नहीं है,बल्कि यह सुनिश्चित करना भी जरूरी है, कि खाद्य सामग्री पोशाक सुरक्षित और सस्ती हो सरकार और समाज दोनों को मिलकर खाद्य सुरक्षा को लेकर ठोस कदम उठाने होंगे ताकि हर ग्रामीण परिवार को उचित आहार मिल सके और कुपोषण भुखमरी जैसी समस्याओं से छुटकारा मिल सके। प्रस्तुत शोध में यह बताया गया है, कि शहरों में भी खाद्य सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय है। क्योंकि शहरी क्षेत्र में अधिक जनसंख्या विविधता और सामाजिक आर्थिक असमानताएं होती हैं। खाद्य सुरक्षा का मतलब है कि सभी लोगों को पर्याप्त पोषक और सुरक्षित भोजन मिल सके खास तौर पर गरीब और वंचित वर्गों के लिए शहरों में खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कई पहल की जाती है। जिससे यह सुनिश्चित किया जाता है कि कोई भी व्यक्ति भुखमरी और कुपोषण का शिकार ना हो।
This study examines whether market-wide stress increases synchronization across Indian equity sectors and whether the severity of sectoral drawdowns is associated with subsequent recovery duration. Using daily data for six major NIFTY sectoral indices and India VIX from January 2016 to December 2025, the analysis distinguishes between broadly elevated market stress and major stress episodes. Sectoral synchronization is assessed using pairwise return correlations and 20-day rolling correlations, while peak-to-trough drawdowns and recovery durations are measured for identified major stress episodes. The results show that average pairwise sectoral correlation increases from 0.363 during non-high-stress periods to 0.591 during high-stress periods, representing an increase of approximately 62.6%. Rolling sectoral synchronization is also positively associated with India VIX, and this relationship remains statistically significant using Newey–West standard errors. Although sectors display considerable variation in observed drawdown severity and recovery duration, cross-sector differences are not statistically significant. In contrast, drawdown magnitude is strongly and positively associated with recovery duration (Spearman’s ρ = 0.722, p < 0.001), with the relationship remaining robust after excluding recoveries interrupted by subsequent stress episodes. The findings indicate that market stress reduces the diversification benefits available across sectors by increasing common movement, while the depth of sectoral losses provides important information about the time subsequently required for recovery. By jointly examining synchronization, drawdown severity and recovery duration, the study provides an integrated perspective on sectoral resilience during market-stress episodes in the Indian equity market.
The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain and digital payment technologies is transforming the structure and functioning of modern commerce. The financial services sector is one of the most technology-intensive sectors, where digital transformation has changed traditional banking, payment systems, lending, investment management, insurance and customer relationship management. Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a particularly important technology because of its ability to analyse large volumes of structured and unstructured data, identify patterns, automate decisions and provide personalised services.This chapter examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in transforming financial services and creating emerging business models. It discusses major applications of AI in banking and finance, including fraud detection, credit assessment, customer service, personalised financial products, risk management, regulatory compliance, investment management and digital payments. The chapter also examines emerging models such as AI-powered banking, embedded finance, Banking-as-a-Service, FinTech platforms, intelligent digital lending and AI-enabled financial ecosystems. At the same time, the adoption of AI introduces challenges related to data privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, explainability, model risk, technological dependency and regulatory compliance. The chapter proposes a responsible AI adoption framework based on governance, data quality, transparency, human oversight, cybersecurity and continuous monitoring. The discussion is particularly relevant to emerging markets such as India, where digital public infrastructure and FinTech innovation are rapidly changing the financial ecosystem.
Globally, businesses and consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about environmental sustainability. Green marketing strategies are being used by businesses more frequently to promote eco-friendly goods and services while lessening their negative effects on the environment. Green marketing incorporates sustainable practices into plans for distribution, pricing, promotion, and product development. Based on recent research, this review article investigates the practices, trends, and prospects for green marketing. The report identifies major issues in consumer behaviour, business sustainability strategies, and the adoption of green marketing by synthesising information from numerous academic sources published between 2018 and 2025. The results show that eco-friendly product design, sustainable packaging, green advertising, and digital transparency are examples of green marketing techniques that are becoming essential to business operations. Additionally, purchase decisions have been greatly impacted by consumer understanding of environmental issues. Effective adoption is still hampered by issues including greenwashing, expensive implementation, and a lack of standardised legislation. Emerging themes include circular economy models, sustainable branding, and technology-driven sustainability initiatives are highlighted in the report. The study's conclusion makes recommendations for future lines of inquiry that center on innovation, legal frameworks, and consumer involvement in green marketing.
This paper investigates the influence of carbon footprint disclosure on consumer behavior by analyzing factors such as consumer trust, environmental concern, perceived brand credibility, and purchase intention. Carbon footprint disclosure has emerged as a vital sustainability communication tool that enables organizations to demonstrate transparency in their environmental impact while building long-term trust with consumers. The research highlights that transparent carbon labeling strengthens corporate credibility and encourages environmentally responsible consumption. However, challenges such as limited consumer understanding, inconsistent labeling standards, and greenwashing reduce the effectiveness of disclosure practices. It adopts a descriptive research design using structured questionnaires to collect primary data from consumers. Statistical tools such as Reliability Analysis, Correlation, Chi-square, Regression, and ANOVA are employed using SPSS software. The findings reveal that carbon footprint disclosure not only shapes consumer behavior but also encourages organizations to adopt environmentally responsible business strategies, contributing to long-term sustainability and competitive advantage.
