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Abstract Environmental engineering has become more and more important to civil engineering in recent years in solving problems like water and wastewater management, air and soil contamination, global climate change, and waste and sustainable infrastructure. With the expansion of environmental engineering into wider subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology, data science, and environmental policy, higher education institutions are forced to accommodate this expanded knowledge base into their programme, credits, and financial framework, which has, for the most part, not changed much (ABET, 2026; Thürer et al., 2018). The current review of state-of-the-art discusses the main issues concerning the delivery of environmental engineering education in higher education institutions. Such issues include rigidity of curriculum, difficulty to incorporate new topics without undermining the foundation, interdisciplinarity of the field, laboratory, field, and software resources, mismatch between academia and industry needs, dynamic regulatory and technological environment that makes it difficult to keep teaching up-to-date, and lack of specialist expertise of faculty members in higher educational institutes (ABET, 2026; Winberg et al., 2020; Vuoriainen et al., 2025). Moreover, the review looks at the range of potential opportunities that institutions have to address these pressures, such as digital and blended learning, industry partnership and work-based learning, sustainability and circular economy-based curriculum reform, collaboration across academic departments, and inter-institutional and international collaboration. Virtual laboratories have been shown to offer greater access to hands-on learning, and collaborations with industries can help students make the transition from academia to profession (Potkonjak et al., 2016; Vuoriainen et al., 2025). It has been found that, although these challenges mostly come from the structure of the institutions rather than lack of participation on the part of educators and students, institutions that engage in flexible, industry-related and sustainability-based curriculum reform, backed by proper investment within institutions, would be more successful in preparing their graduates for modern environmental engineering work. However, sustainability incorporation needs investments and coordinated actions within the institution rather than adding isolated sustainable elements (Thürer et al., 2018; Gutierrez-Bucheli, Kidman and Reid, 2022).

प्रस्तुत शोध में भारत में ग्रामीण में शहरी क्षेत्र पर खाद्य सुरक्षा के बारे में अध्ययन किया गया है। भारत में खाद्य सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है। जो देश की आर्थिक सामाजिक और राजनीतिक स्थिति से जुड़ा हुआ है।खाद्य सुरक्षा का अर्थ है सभी नागरिकों को भरपूर मात्रा में पोषक तत्वों से भरपूर सुरक्षित और सस्ती खाद्य सामग्री समय पर उपलब्ध हो सके। खाद्य सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सरकार के द्वारा विभिन्न योजनाएं व कार्यक्रम लागू किए गए हैं,जिनका उद्देश्य देश के ग्रामीण व शहर स्तर पर खाध सामग्री की पहुंच सुनिश्चित करना है। प्रस्तुत शोध में खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम के बारे में बताया गया है। इस अधिनियम के माध्यम से गरीब और कमजोर लोगों को खाद्य सामग्री सस्ते मूल्य पर उपलब्ध होती है। इसके तहत राशन कार्ड धारकों को सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली के माध्यम से गेहूं और मोटे अनाज जैसे खाद्यान्न प्रदान किए जाते हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध में ग्रामीण स्तर पर खाद्य सुरक्षा के बारे में भी अध्ययन किया गया है, जिसमें सरकार के द्वारा विभिन्न योजनाएं लागू की गई है,जिसका मुख्य उद्देश्य कुपोषण भुखमरी और खाद्यान्न की कमी जैसी समस्याओं को दूर करना है। प्रस्तुत शोध के माध्यम से यह बताया गया है कि केवल खाधान की आपूर्ति ही पर्याप्त नहीं है,बल्कि यह सुनिश्चित करना भी जरूरी है, कि खाद्य सामग्री पोशाक सुरक्षित और सस्ती हो सरकार और समाज दोनों को मिलकर खाद्य सुरक्षा को लेकर ठोस कदम उठाने होंगे ताकि हर ग्रामीण परिवार को उचित आहार मिल सके और कुपोषण भुखमरी जैसी समस्याओं से छुटकारा मिल सके। प्रस्तुत शोध में यह बताया गया है, कि शहरों में भी खाद्य सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय है। क्योंकि शहरी क्षेत्र में अधिक जनसंख्या विविधता और सामाजिक आर्थिक असमानताएं होती हैं। खाद्य सुरक्षा का मतलब है कि सभी लोगों को पर्याप्त पोषक और सुरक्षित भोजन मिल सके खास तौर पर गरीब और वंचित वर्गों के लिए शहरों में खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कई पहल की जाती है। जिससे यह सुनिश्चित किया जाता है कि कोई भी व्यक्ति भुखमरी और कुपोषण का शिकार ना हो।

This study examines whether market-wide stress increases synchronization across Indian equity sectors and whether the severity of sectoral drawdowns is associated with subsequent recovery duration. Using daily data for six major NIFTY sectoral indices and India VIX from January 2016 to December 2025, the analysis distinguishes between broadly elevated market stress and major stress episodes. Sectoral synchronization is assessed using pairwise return correlations and 20-day rolling correlations, while peak-to-trough drawdowns and recovery durations are measured for identified major stress episodes. The results show that average pairwise sectoral correlation increases from 0.363 during non-high-stress periods to 0.591 during high-stress periods, representing an increase of approximately 62.6%. Rolling sectoral synchronization is also positively associated with India VIX, and this relationship remains statistically significant using Newey–West standard errors. Although sectors display considerable variation in observed drawdown severity and recovery duration, cross-sector differences are not statistically significant. In contrast, drawdown magnitude is strongly and positively associated with recovery duration (Spearman’s ρ = 0.722, p < 0.001), with the relationship remaining robust after excluding recoveries interrupted by subsequent stress episodes. The findings indicate that market stress reduces the diversification benefits available across sectors by increasing common movement, while the depth of sectoral losses provides important information about the time subsequently required for recovery. By jointly examining synchronization, drawdown severity and recovery duration, the study provides an integrated perspective on sectoral resilience during market-stress episodes in the Indian equity market.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain and digital payment technologies is transforming the structure and functioning of modern commerce. The financial services sector is one of the most technology-intensive sectors, where digital transformation has changed traditional banking, payment systems, lending, investment management, insurance and customer relationship management. Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a particularly important technology because of its ability to analyse large volumes of structured and unstructured data, identify patterns, automate decisions and provide personalised services.This chapter examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in transforming financial services and creating emerging business models. It discusses major applications of AI in banking and finance, including fraud detection, credit assessment, customer service, personalised financial products, risk management, regulatory compliance, investment management and digital payments. The chapter also examines emerging models such as AI-powered banking, embedded finance, Banking-as-a-Service, FinTech platforms, intelligent digital lending and AI-enabled financial ecosystems. At the same time, the adoption of AI introduces challenges related to data privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, explainability, model risk, technological dependency and regulatory compliance. The chapter proposes a responsible AI adoption framework based on governance, data quality, transparency, human oversight, cybersecurity and continuous monitoring. The discussion is particularly relevant to emerging markets such as India, where digital public infrastructure and FinTech innovation are rapidly changing the financial ecosystem.

Globally, businesses and consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about environmental sustainability. Green marketing strategies are being used by businesses more frequently to promote eco-friendly goods and services while lessening their negative effects on the environment. Green marketing incorporates sustainable practices into plans for distribution, pricing, promotion, and product development. Based on recent research, this review article investigates the practices, trends, and prospects for green marketing. The report identifies major issues in consumer behaviour, business sustainability strategies, and the adoption of green marketing by synthesising information from numerous academic sources published between 2018 and 2025. The results show that eco-friendly product design, sustainable packaging, green advertising, and digital transparency are examples of green marketing techniques that are becoming essential to business operations. Additionally, purchase decisions have been greatly impacted by consumer understanding of environmental issues. Effective adoption is still hampered by issues including greenwashing, expensive implementation, and a lack of standardised legislation. Emerging themes include circular economy models, sustainable branding, and technology-driven sustainability initiatives are highlighted in the report. The study's conclusion makes recommendations for future lines of inquiry that center on innovation, legal frameworks, and consumer involvement in green marketing.

This paper investigates the influence of carbon footprint disclosure on consumer behavior by analyzing factors such as consumer trust, environmental concern, perceived brand credibility, and purchase intention. Carbon footprint disclosure has emerged as a vital sustainability communication tool that enables organizations to demonstrate transparency in their environmental impact while building long-term trust with consumers. The research highlights that transparent carbon labeling strengthens corporate credibility and encourages environmentally responsible consumption. However, challenges such as limited consumer understanding, inconsistent labeling standards, and greenwashing reduce the effectiveness of disclosure practices. It adopts a descriptive research design using structured questionnaires to collect primary data from consumers. Statistical tools such as Reliability Analysis, Correlation, Chi-square, Regression, and ANOVA are employed using SPSS software. The findings reveal that carbon footprint disclosure not only shapes consumer behavior but also encourages organizations to adopt environmentally responsible business strategies, contributing to long-term sustainability and competitive advantage.

Food waste has turned out to be a global concern with its various forms, creating a substantial impact on every pillar of sustainable development practices. Food waste has many contributors, such as various industries, their operations, waste-generating consumptions, etc. Educational institutions, especially universities, could also be considered significant epicentres of food waste. With the help of the Value-attitude-behaviour hierarchy, we examined the reasons behind university students’ food waste reduction behaviour. We hypothesize that students’ perceived value towards food waste leads to their food waste reduction behaviour. Additionally, we also examined whether gender and food habits can create any additional impact on this relationship. The results confirmed a statistically significant link between perceived value of food waste and waste reduction behavior among students. However, gender and food habits do not have any impact on this relationship. We also found that social norms on food waste do not have any impact on students’ behaviour. Students’ upbringing and their awareness of minimizing food waste can elevate in fulfilling various sustainable consumption parameters under UN norms of SDG goals

Time is one of the most valuable resources available to college students. Effective management of time enables students to organize academic activities, complete assignments on schedule, reduce procrastination, and maintain a balance between academic and personal responsibilities. This study examines the influence of time management on the productivity of college students in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. The study adopts a quantitative research approach and uses a survey questionnaire as the primary method of data collection. A sample of 100 college students was considered for the study. The questionnaire focused on planning habits, prioritization, punctuality, procrastination, distractions, and perceived productivity. The findings indicate that students who reported better time-management practices also reported higher levels of productivity. The study further suggests that planning daily activities, setting priorities, following schedules, and reducing distractions are important factors associated with student productivity. The findings provide useful insights for students and educational institutions seeking to improve academic effectiveness through better time-management practices

This study examines the role of digital financial tools in enhancing financial inclusion in rural areas, focusing on their ability to overcome geographical barriers, support economic empowerment, and improve access to financial services. The study adopted a qualitative research approach based exclusively on secondary sources, including published research papers, academic journals, government reports, and online resources. A descriptive and analytical method was used to review, interpret, and synthesize evidence without employing quantitative or statistical techniques. The findings indicate that mobile banking, digital wallets, UPI, and platforms improve accessibility, convenience, affordability, savings, payments, credit access, entrepreneurship, and women’s financial empowerment. However, inadequate infrastructure, limited digital and financial literacy, cybersecurity risks, privacy concerns, trust deficits, and socio-cultural preferences continue to constrain adoption. The study concludes that sustainable financial inclusion requires infrastructure, literacy programmes, user-friendly platforms, consumer protection, and government support. Future research should employ empirical methods to examine adoption behaviour, regional differences, cybersecurity, trust, and socioeconomic impacts.

Abstract Communication and language operate as complex, interrelated systems shaped by multiple intersecting dimensions that cannot be adequately understood in isolation. This study examines the multidimensional nature of communication and language through an integrated analysis of linguistic structure, sociocultural context, technological mediation, and cognitive processing. Drawing on a sequential mixed-methods design that combines qualitative discourse analysis of 48 authentic communicative events (24 face-to-face and 24 digitally mediated) with a quantitative survey of 312 participants across three linguistic communities, the research investigates how these dimensions interact to shape meaning-making, communicative competence, and identity construction in both traditional and digitally mediated environments. Findings reveal that technological platforms significantly reconfigure traditional linguistic norms while amplifying sociocultural and cognitive factors, leading to the emergence of hybrid communicative practices. Participants frequently employed multimodal resources, adaptive politeness strategies, code-meshing, and platform-specific conventions to achieve communicative goals under varying conditions of cognitive load and sociocultural expectation. Factor analysis confirmed four interrelated yet distinct dimensions accounting for 68.4% of variance, while multiple regression models demonstrated that technological factors significantly predicted linguistic adaptation (β = .41, p < .001) and sociocultural adaptation (β = .37, p < .001). Cognitive load showed a significant negative association with communicative satisfaction in high-stakes intercultural digital interactions. The study identifies persistent research gaps in the integrated treatment of these dimensions and proposes a multidimensional analytical framework. Results contribute to theoretical refinement in applied linguistics and communication studies and offer practical implications for language education, intercultural communication training, and the design of communication technologies. Limitations concerning sample scope and measurement of cognitive processes are acknowledged, and directions for future research are outlined. Keywords: multidimensional communication, language studies, communicative competence, digital discourse, sociocultural linguistics, cognitive dimensions of language, hybrid communicative practices

Digital technologies have expanded the supply of information well beyond what individuals can process. Human attention, constrained by finite time and cognitive limits, has therefore become a contested resource that platforms, advertisers, creators and firms compete to obtain. Research on attention is well developed within economics, cognitive psychology, marketing, information systems and media studies, yet it remains dispersed. What is underdeveloped is an integrative account of how attention moves from a scarce human capacity to an observable behavioural resource, becomes convertible into different forms of economic value and simultaneously generates social externalities. This conceptual paper develops such an account. It first specifies five properties that qualify attention as an economic resource and then sets out a seven-stage framework tracing information abundance through attention scarcity, capture, allocation, engagement, behavioural signals, conversion and value creation. The framework is cyclical rather than linear: behavioural data generated at Stage 5 feeds back into capture at Stage 2. A parallel pathway records externalities that remain unpriced in the private return. The paper addresses recent cognitive-science objections to treating attention as a unified allocable resource and defines the framework at the level of observable behaviour accordingly. Five propositions are advanced for empirical testing. The framework proposes that economic value is likely to depend more strongly on attention quality and convertibility than on attention volume alone.

Abstract Nuakhai, a prominent agricultural festival celebrated in the western region of Odisha, holds profound cultural and socio-economic significance. Rooted in the agrarian traditions of the region, this festival marks the first harvest of the season and is observed with deep reverence and joy. This paper explores the cultural significance of Nuakhai, examining its rituals, traditions, and the role it plays in reinforcing social bonds and community identity. Additionally, the paper delves into the socio-economic impact of the festival on the rural economy of Western Odisha, highlighting how Nuakhai sustains agricultural practices, stimulates local economies, and fosters social cohesion. By analyzing the multifaceted aspects of Nuakhai, this study provides insights into how cultural traditions are intertwined with the socio-economic fabric of rural communities in Odisha.

This paper presents a systematic literature review of the relationship between capital structure and firm profitability. Drawing on foundational theory, including the Modigliani-Miller irrelevance and tax-adjusted propositions, trade-off theory, pecking order theory and agency cost theory, alongside empirical studies from developed markets (the United States, France, the G7 economies), emerging markets (Ghana, Jordan, Egypt, Vietnam) and cross-country panels, the review synthesises evidence on how leverage relates to profitability measures such as return on assets, return on equity and Tobin's Q. The findings show no single, generalisable relationship: some studies report a positive association consistent with the disciplining role of debt under agency theory (Margaritis & Psillaki, 2010; Abor, 2005), others report a negative association consistent with financial distress and pecking order behaviour (Zeitun & Tian, 2007) and still others find no statistically significant relationship at all (Ebaid, 2009). The review further identifies firm size, asset tangibility, ownership structure, industry classification and macroeconomic conditions as key moderating factors and highlights recurring methodological gaps, including short panel windows, unresolved endogeneity between capital structure and performance and limited sector-level disaggregation. The review concludes that future systematic work should treat the capital structure-profitability relationship as context-dependent rather than search for a single universal effect and should prioritise longer panels, causal identification strategies and industry-specific analysis

The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (AI) into digital marketing has created new opportunities for content creation while raising concerns about authenticity and consumer trust. This study examines Human–AI co-created marketing content, AI disclosure, perceived authenticity, consumer trust, and purchase intention through a descriptive and conceptual review of secondary data. The study analyses published research to understand how Human–AI co-creation differs from human-generated and AI-generated content and how AI disclosure influences consumer perceptions. The literature indicates that Human–AI co-created content may combine the creativity and novelty of AI with the authenticity and credibility associated with human involvement. AI disclosure produces mixed effects, potentially increasing transparency while also triggering scepticism. Perceived authenticity and consumer trust emerge as important influences on purchase intention, while AI familiarity, AI literacy, and persuasion knowledge may shape consumer responses. The study concludes that Human–AI co-creation offers significant potential, but further primary research is required to validate these findings empirically.

Abstract Student retention in higher education in rapidly developing regions increasingly depends on physical and environmental infrastructure, yet the digital divide is seldom assessed through an environmental engineering lens. This empirical research examines the influence of deficiencies in rural environmental infrastructure, including an unstable power grid, lack of green digital resources, and eco-transit challenges, on dropout levels in higher education in Panipat District, Haryana, India. Using primary data gathered during field surveys among 521 students and dropouts from 29 rural and peri-industrial villages, multivariate regression and structural equation modeling have been used for quantifying the relationship between reliability of environmental infrastructure and academic retention. Results demonstrate that more than 43% of all digital learning disruptions occurring in rural Panipat are caused by everyday power grid failures (for more than 4 hours), which limits online educational activities significantly. It has been found that there is a strong positive correlation (r=0.68, p<0.001) between solar-powered decentralized digital nodes and dropout rates. Also, lack of climate-resilient regional transit infrastructure increased the risk of dropping out by 34% among marginalized rural women due to commute difficulties and industrial microclimate pollution exposure. This study shows that there is no way in which digital educational access can be provided through the sole mechanism of distributing devices to students because it involves the creation of an environmentally engineered system. Closing the educational gap and improving educational equity in the transitioning industrial-rural areas will involve creating decentralized green power grids, solar-powered learning centers for the community, and sustainable public transportation corridors.

The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has transformed library and information science from traditional print-based services into globally connected knowledge systems. Libraries without borders now integrate digital repositories, electronic resources, cloud computing, open access, artificial intelligence, virtual reference services, data management, and resource-sharing networks to provide equitable access beyond geographical, temporal, linguistic, and socioeconomic barriers. This study analyses global changes, challenges, and opportunities in library and information science through document analysis and descriptive and analytical methods, using official and scholarly sources. Emerging technologies offer significant opportunities through AI, digital preservation, multilingual information retrieval, and virtual services. However, the digital divide, copyright, privacy, cybersecurity, AI bias, misinformation, linguistic disparities, and changing professional skills remain major concerns. Despite 68% global Internet connectivity in 2024, 2.6 billion people remained offline, highlighting persistent inequalities. The study concludes that libraries without borders must remain inclusive, ethical, multilingual, and rights-based, while librarians increasingly serve as information evaluators, digital and AI literacy educators, research supporters, privacy advocates, and knowledge mediators.

Abstract: Educational research has recently shifted towards evidence-based approach, digital transformation and inclusiveness, which are closely related to fundamental principles such as constructivism (active knowledge construction by students), connectivism (knowledge development through digital networks), humanistic theory (holistic personality development) and systems theory (education as a whole system). These trends, along with the inclusion of IKS as per NEP 2020, see the rise of AI-personalized learning, VR/AR based experiences, Competency-Based Assessment and multidisciplinary research. Evidence such as over 93% scores in IKS courses on SWAYAM and 53% improvement in programs like Khushishala show that this approach enhances cultural awareness, interdisciplinary thinking and sustainable skills in students, while addressing challenges such as digital inequality and faculty training requires collaborative efforts. These trends prepare students to be thinkers, innovators and responsible citizens, realizing the goal of a developed India. Under NEP, the National Research Foundation (NRF), 5% credit for IKS, has accelerated trends such as AI-based learning and inclusive pedagogy, resulting in high performance and increased cultural awareness in SWAYAM courses. This policy aligns research with lifelong learning and the goal of a developed India, with the aim of making students thinkers and innovators through evidence-based implementation and collaborative efforts.